Skill # 1 Communicating
Communication involves several factors: receiving, storing, retrieving, giving,
and interpreting information. It is important that members of a group
communicate freely with each other. Exchange of information often involves a
"transaction," a stimulus followed by a response. It's important that these
transactions be kept open or complementary. Crossed or blocked transactions
result in people talking at one another with no real communication. As a result,
information is not exchanged.
Information is received through hearing, seeing, feeling, tasting, and smelling.
Obviously we receive information by reading what is written or listening to what
is said---and we often do a poor job of these. We also receive powerful messages
through facial expressions, body language, an individual's general appearance,
costume, etc. The more ways we use to gather information, the better the
information is received, understood. and put to use. Most people store the
information they receive in their memories. The memory can be supported with
notes, sketches, written references, and similar techniques.
Retrieving or recalling information is important. It often is closely related to
how the information is stored. People known for outstanding memories have simply
developed an effective retrieval system. This can include memorizing using
memory joggers, repeating the information as it is received, taking notes, and
skillful use of references. Giving information involves the same five senses
used to receive it. In giving information, however, speaking or writing clearly,
using visual methods, watching and being sensitive to the group, asking for
feedback. and summarizing what has been given results in an effective transfer
of information.
Interpreting information is vital. In many cases the information was given and
received, but somehow communication did not result. Blocks to communication
include motivation (one of the two parties didn't think the information was
important), conflict (two messages didn't agree), experience (your own back
ground or prejudices cause you not to accept what is said), personal dislike
(you dislike the other person so you filter out what he or she says),
distractions (you don't receive because something else is on your mind or
something distracts you), and attitude (you think you already know all about the
topic).
Most people learn approximately 11 percent of what they know by listening, but
83 percent of what they know by seeing (observing and reading). People recall 20
percent of what they heard but can recall 50 percent of what they both heard and
saw. Thus. a "multimedia" approach to communicating is vital.
Clear communication is essential. Avoid initials, acronyms. technical jargon,
and unfamiliar words in communicating with others. The success of establishing
and maintaining a group will depend largely on how well its members communicate
with each other and with those outside the group.
Skill # 2
Knowing and Using Resources
To establish a group, you must know what you have to work with. Two types of
resources can be used-those available to the group and those available from
within the group's own members. Resources available to a Scouting group can come
from literature and books, members of the chartered organization, parents and
friends of members, local businesses, community organizations and services, and
programs of the local Scouting council and its districts. An inventory of these
outside resources is a valuable tool for the Scouting leader. A formal listing
might be helpful, but the same results often can be obtained by simply asking
the question, "What do I need and where can I get it?" The more people doing
this type of thinking, the more resources will appear.
Usually the resources available within the group are greater than any individual
member is likely to perceive. The Personal Resource Questionnaire filled out by
each group member is a way to begin. Each member of the group lists some facts
about his or her background, attitudes, and abilities. The questionnaires are
shared and group members quiz each other to expand on what has been noted. This
almost always triggers additional resources, which are then listed.
Members are next urged to share what they consider to be "meaningful
experiences"-things they have done that would be considered successes. Members
of the group look for resources in the successes each has experienced. All
discussions must be positive-no negative statements are allowed.
As members see the resources available to the group and from within the group,
they gain a better understanding of each other and the potential for what the
group can achieve.
Skill # 3
Understanding the Characteristics and Needs of the Group and Its Members
For our purposes, a characteristic is "a trait, quality, or property
distinguishing an individual, group, or type." A need is "a want, a requirement,
feeling the lack of something that would be useful." The characteristics and
needs of youth can vary widely from one person to the next. They often depend on
the young person's background in the home, school, church, and other
organizations as well as the particular situation at the moment.
Each member of a group has some important needs. At the basic level is the need
for food, water, shelter, and warmth. The next level involves the need for
safety and security. Next is the need for friends, association with others,
interpersonal relationships, order, and a feeling of belonging. At the fourth
level, needs include recognition, self-respect, independence, and esteem. The
final level involves the need for self-fulfillment, confidence, achievement, and
growth to the individual's full potential.
Recognizing these needs and how well they are met will often explain the
characteristics of the members of the group. If one level of needs has been some
what met, then other needs emerge as dominant. For instance, a boy from an
unstable family in a poverty stricken urban neighborhood beset with street crime
may respond quite differently than one from a stable and loving middle income
family residing in a safe suburb. A relationship between observed
characteristics and the true needs of an individual may be misleading, however.
The seemingly self-assured individual might in fact be playing a role in an
attempt to feel secure. On the other hand, the quiet and reserved person might
be so self-confident that he or she sees no need to attract attention.
Skill # 4
Planning
Effective planning is usually the result of seven specific steps.
1. Consider the task. This involves what has to be done, who does what,
when, where, and how.
2. Consider the resources. What time is available? What are the skills of
the group? What equipment and supplies are needed and available? What other
items should be considered?
3. Consider alternatives. What happens if something goes wrong? What are
the emergency procedures? What is the alternate plan? Could the alternate plan
be better than the original plan?
4. Reach a decision. Who has the responsibility? Is a poor decision
better than no decision? Is no decision a decision? Is a group decision best? A
decision usually is needed at every step in the process.
5. Write down the plan. The act of writing down an action plan may cause
it to be revised or refined. The final plan might need considerable discussion.
6. Put the plan into action. All too often, great plans are formed but
never followed.
7. Evaluate. Evaluation must take place all during this process. As each
step is taken, it is evaluated against the previous steps to assure that the
original task is still being considered.
In many ways, the steps for planning are similar to those for problem solving.
Solving a problem is a type of planning; developing a plan is a type of problem
solving. Substitute the word problem for the word task, and the seven steps can
be used in either case. When faced with a specific project to complete or a
problem to solve, a process known as "verbal rehearsal" works well and is easily
understood by boys. Here the members of the group literally "talk it up" as they
decide how to approach the project or problem. As in classic problem-solving,
seven steps are involved.
1. What is the problem? A problem is any situation that a group may need
or want to do something about. A clear understanding of the problem. is needed
before the group can set a goal.
2. What's our goal? A goal redefines the problem into a positive
statement that answers the question, "What do we want?" A goal must be important
to the group and must be realistic, not based on wishful thinking. A Seal should
require the group's best effort, and members should feel good after reaching it.
3. Stop and think. Here the group should stop talking and allow each
person to examine the problem and goal before continuing to the next step. Often
boys--and adults--take the first suggestion that is offered and jump directly
into action. If group members take a few moments to think and form their ideas.
they will be able to add some original thought to a plan to be followed.
4. Make a plan. A good planner is always looking for options. The ability
to think of a large number of possible pathways to reach a goal is an important
skill. "What happens if... ?" examines the consequences of a particular course
of action. For each alternative there are pros and cons. Once the alternatives
and consequences have been discussed, a decision is made on a start-to-finish
plan.
5. Do it. Action must follow the planning. If the group has discussed the
plan in enough detail, each member will know how to proceed.
6. Keep at it. Nothing worthy of achieving is gained without endurance.
The group must recognize that before a plan is abandoned, sustained effort is
needed. Sometimes only a small adjustment in the plan is required to make it
work.
7. How did it go? Was the goal attained? Did we give our best effort? What
might have been changed? It is important to evaluate the entire
problem-solving process so that the result will be a better plan next time.
Skill # 5
Controlling Group Performance
Controlling group performance is an important but often misunderstood function
of leadership. To some, control implies that a whip-cracking boss is in charge.
Coed control is far more subtle.
A group needs control to keep its members moving in the same direction for best
results. If a plan is to be properly carried out, someone must direct the
effort. Controlling is a function that the group consciously or unconsciously
assigns to the leader in order to get the job done. Skillful control is welcomed
by the group. The expression "Come on, you guys, let's get our act together" is
a plea for someone to take charge and bring the group under control. Control of
group performance involves six basic operations.
1. Observing. The leader should be in a position to see the group,
communicate with its members, and be available, but not appear to dominate. Coed
work is praised. Suggestions, rather than orders, are given for improvements.
2. Instructing. The leader must often give instructions as the work
proceeds and the situation changes. The leader must communicate well, apply the
skill of effective teaching, and allow members to use their own initiative. As
long as the work is progressing well, the leader should not intrude.
3. Helping. When a group has decided that it wants to perform a task, the
leader must help the members be successful. The leader does a good job
personally, takes a positive approach, and gives a helping hand when needed.
Care is taken to see that an offer to help is not implied criticism.
4. Inspecting. The leader must know what to expect to see. The leader
should know the plan and the skills involved. A checklist is valuable. If the
work is not correct, the worker is led to the proper performance of the task.
Again, a positive approach with helpful suggestions for improvement is vital.
5. Reacting. How the leader reacts to the efforts of the group is
important. Praise the person if the work is good, but the praise must be
sincere. If the work is not correct, praise the parts that were done well and
accept responsibility for work not done well. A reaction such as "Gosh, I guess
I didn't explain it very well" doesn't hurt the leader but makes the person feel
good about corrections that are suggested. React to the total job--do not focus
on obvious weak points.
6. Setting the example. The most effective way of controlling group
performance is the personal example of the leader. How the leader observes,
instructs, helps, inspects, and reacts is vital.
Skill # 6
Effective Teaching
Effective teaching is a process by which the learning of an individual or a
group is managed or facilitated. Five elements are involved, but these are not
necessarily steps in a sequence.
1. Learning objectives. Before attempting to teach, it is important to
know what is to be taught. Asking "What should the participants be able to do by
the end of the session?" determines the learning objectives. Learning objectives
are stated in performance terms. To "know," "understand," "appreciate," or
"value" are slippery words that have no part in good learning objectives.
Learning objectives should clearly state what the individual will be able to do
as a result of the learning experience.
In a structured teaching situation, it is wise to write down the learning
objectives as guidelines to the instructor. The objectives usually will
determine the content of the instruction. In casual situations or "opportunity
teaching," the objectives might not be written but should be clearly in the mind
of the instructor.
2. Discovery. A discovery is any sort of happening that has three
results.
* Knowledge is confirmed. People discover what they do know. Until then they
might not have been sure.
* The need to know is established. People discover that they do not know
something they must know if they are to be successful in what they want to do.
* Motivation is instilled. Participants discover the desire to learn more.
Sometimes a discovery just happens. An alert leader can turn this happening into
a learning experience. This is referred to as "opportunity teaching." In more
structured teaching, an instructor often will set up a discovery as the
introduction to a learning activity. A discovery can be simply a leading
question, or more complicated as in dramatic role-playing.
3. Teaching-learning. Once the discovery has shown what the person
already knows. the instructor has choices to make.
* The person knows and can do what is desired. The learning objectives have been
met.
* Subtract what the person knows from what is desired and work on what the
person needs to know.
* Give the full instruction session. The participant will learn what he or she
needs to know and will review what is already known.
Teaching involves a variety of communication techniques. We learn principally
from hearing (lecture, discussion, conversation, dramatization), seeing
(reading, displays, visual aids, demonstrations), and doing (trial and error,
experimenting, copying the acts of others). As each task, skill, or idea is
broken down into simple steps, the learner can confirm what he or she now knows,
needs to know, and wants to know. Thus, learning is actually a series of
discoveries. Each step should lead to some success--it is important to keep the
person encouraged that progress is being made.
4. Application. Each individual should have an immediate chance to apply
what has been learned. Application must be deferred in some situations, but
immediate application is more desirable.
In attempting to apply what has been learned. Another discovery likely will
occur, which leads to new learning objectives, more teaching and learning, and
further application.
5. Evaluation. Essentially, evaluation is a review of what happened to
see if the learning objectives were met. In a teaching situation, we are always
checking to see. "Did it work? Do I understand? What do I do next?' In effect,
the evaluation itself often becomes another discovery.
Recycling. If evaluation shows that the person has not learned what was to be
taught, there is a need to recycle-teach it again. The approach may be changed,
the steps simplified, or the explanation more detailed, or the learning
objectives might need to be changed.
Research has shown that learning is most effective when it is self-directed. The
more deeply a person can be involved in his or her own learning, the more that
individual will learn and the longer he or she will retain what has been
learned. Teach from the point of view of the student--not the teacher. Be sure
that personal objectives are met before dealing with organizational objectives.
Move from what is known to what is unknown. from what is simple to what is more
complex.
It is important to note that the five elements of effective teaching are not
necessarily a series of steps, each to be completed before the next is
attempted. Rather, these elements are a mix of factors that can be used to plan
a learning experience or evaluate its worth. The five elements are not a
lockstep process through which one marches in a training experience. Training
must flow and stay flexible to meet the needs of participants.
Skill # 7
Representing the Group
With a knowledge of resources, skill in communicating, and an understanding of
the characteristics and needs of the group and its members, the leader is
prepared to represent the group.
Some steps are involved in representation. Before representing the group, it is
important to get all of the facts available, decide on the nature of the
situation, determine the group's reaction, and make mental or written notes.
When representing the group to a third party, it is vital to give the facts;
give the group's reaction, feelings, and position; respect opinions of other
groups dealing with the third party; consider personality problems; and again
make mental or written notes.
Then the third party's decision, attitude, or actions must be represented back
to the group. Here it is important to again present the facts, explain the
decision, and thoroughly represent the third party's attitude and opinion.
As a leader represents the group to the "outside world," the group begins to
develop its own attitude, identity, and direction. The role of the patrol leader
in sharing the interests and: desires of the patrol to the patrol leaders'
council--and carrying out the decisions of the patrol leaders' council with the
patrol members--is a classic example of representing a group in Scouting.
Skill # 8 Evaluating
When a program or project has been completed, it is important to find out how
well the objectives-were met and if improvements can be made for the future. An
evaluation should reflect two dimensions of the project--its effect on the total
group and its effect on each individual member.
Six simple questions can be used to evaluate almost any project or program. The
first three questions relate to the group's success in carrying out the project,
while the second three questions relate to individual group members.
1. Did the job get done?
2. Was it done right?
3. Was it done on time?
4. Did everybody take part?
5. Did they enjoy themselves?
6. Do they want more?
An evaluation as soon as an event or activity ends is a handy measure of the
immediate reaction. Sometimes, however, a more valid evaluation can be made two
to three weeks following the event or activity. In retrospect, the later
evaluation may be more valid. It also is less subject to the enthusiasm of the
event and a natural desire to please (or condemn) the leadership.
Evaluation is a continual process as a project is under way. Here the six
questions are changed somewhat.
1. Are we getting the job done?
2. Are we doing it right?
3. Are we on schedule?
4. Is everybody involved?
5. Are they working well and satisfied with what they're doing?
6. Do they want to continue?
If the answer to any of these questions is no, or if there is any doubt, the
leader needs to take some action.
Skill # 9 Sharing
Leadership
Much has been written on the styles of leadership and how they are applied in
given situations. Five styles of leadership generally are recognized.
1. Telling (or ordering). The leader alone identifies the problem, makes
the decisions, and directs the activities. The style appears autocratic and may
or may not involve the opinions of the group members.
2. Persuading (or selling). In this style of leadership, the decision
still is made by the leader. Having made the decision, the leader must sell it
to the group to get cooperation.
3. Consulting. Group members participate and provide input. The leader
may suggest a tentative decision or plan and get the group's reaction. Having
consulted the group, the-leader still makes the final decision, usually based on
group consensus. If consensus can not be reached, the group is encouraged to
note and follow the desires of the majority.
4. Delegating. The leader identifies the problem, sets certain
guidelines, boundaries, or rules, and then turns the problem over to the group
or one of its members. The leader accepts the decision of the group if it falls
within the boundaries and guidelines established. While authority may be
delegated, the responsibility must remain with the leader.
5. Joining. The leader steps down as leader and joins the group. The
leader agrees in advance to abide by the group's decisions. It is important to
remember that joining the group is still leadership. Before deciding to use this
style, the leader must carefully consider the resources of the group and, if
necessary, change to a more direct leadership style.
No single leadership style is "best." Each depends on the situation, experience
of the group members, and tasks to be done. As leadership styles move from
telling to joining, the leader's authority appears to diminish and the group's
participation increases. Selecting the appropriate style of leadership is an act
of leadership based on the nature of the situation and the ability and
experience of the group members. Leadership is a dynamic process, varying from
situation to situation with changes in leaders, followers, goals, and
circumstances.
Skill # 10 Counseling
Counseling in one form or another goes on constantly as the leader works with
the members of the group. Counseling can be used to encourage or reassure an
individual, to develop a more effective member of the group, or to help solve a
specific problem. Counseling is helpful when a person needs encouragement,
should have more information bearing on his or her task, needs help in
interpreting facts, or is uncertain about what to do, or the leader feels the
need to correct a situation.
The counselor first must find out that there is, in fact, a need for counseling.
The counselor must recognize that no two counseling situations are alike that
each person is different, and each problem is different. There are no pat
solutions.
There are six keys to good counseling.
1. Listen carefully. Give undivided attention to what the person is saying.
2. Ask yourself, "Do I understand what this person is trying to say?"
3. Summarize frequently to assure understanding, keep on the track, and check
what is being told.
4. Additional information might be all that is needed. The person might not have
all of the facts, or might not know all of the resources available. The
counselor must be sure to give information, not advice.
5. The person must be encouraged to think of different ways of handling the
problem. The individual has the problem, has thought about it in greater detail
than the counselor, and might have arrived at a solution. He or she might only
be seeking confirmation of that solution.
6. Above all, the counselor must not give advice. The objective of counseling is
to lead the individual to his or her own solution.
A general rule in effective counseling is to keep the individual talking. Many
counseling sessions fail when the counselor attempts to arrive at a Solution
before the individual has finished telling the complete problem. Use "trigger
words" to keep the person talking. Phrases like 'What did you do then?" or "How
did that make you feel?" can bring out more details. Words of sympathy or
understanding such as "Wow," "Oh my," or "That's a shame" are helpful. Only when
the individual begins to repeat himself or herself will additional information
be of value.
Some counseling sessions uncover problems that are serious and might require
professional help. The Scouter involved in counseling must consider his or her
efforts as "first aid' to a young person with obvious and serious problems. Be
careful not to counsel above your abilities. Our objective is to help youngsters
the best we can--not to become amateur psychologists. The leader should be
prepared to refer a troubled young person to a competent professional in this
field if it appears necessary.
Skill # 11 Setting the
Example
The most persuasive Leadership skill is the personal example of the leader. A
good leader sets a positive example in these ways:
1. Following instructions. Following instructions, obeying the law, and
carrying out tasks in the recommended manner points out that rules and
procedures are important.
2. Trying hard. The leader must work as hard as--if not harder than--any
member of the group. Leadership by direction is not as effective as leadership
by example.
3. Showing initiative. A good leader must do what has to be done without
waiting to be told or forced to act. An effective leader respects the good
suggestions of the group members and encourages each person to show initiative.
4. Acting with maturity. An effective leader shows good judgment. The
group members see that the leader's personal behavior is directed toward
accomplishing the task.
5. Knowing the job. Generally, a leader should have a mastery of the
skills to be used. If not, the leader must apply the resources of the group
toward achieving the task.
6. Keeping a positive attitude. A positive attitude is vital as an
example to group members. The leader's personal frustration or discouragement
should never be apparent. Failure should be considered a potential learning
experience. Enthusiasm is contagious.
Role models are an important method in Boy Scouting. This applies not only to
adults, but also to youth leaders. Boys often will copy the actions and behavior
of leaders they like and admire. Boys will literally walk, talk, and act as the
example set by the adult and youth leaders of the troop.